stdClass Object
(
    [id] => 16604
    [title] => Our Work Clothes
    [alias] => our-work-clothes
    [introtext] => 
A reflection of Luigino Bruni on the earthquake, work and feast day: topics that deal with family in his opening address at the VII World Day of the Families that begins today in Milan
Comments - Those four deaths, our life 
By Luigino Bruni
Published in Avvenire on 26/05/2012
Four of those who died in the Reggio Emilia Region earthquake were working. They were working at four in the morning on a Sunday. There is something different about dying while working. In these times of crisis and suffering for lack of jobs, the death of these workers tell us many things, they send us many messages. First of all, through tragedy, they tell us that in our age, all centered on consumerism and money, places of work still exist, as well as that shift work and  shift – workers, whom the present crisis has made harder and embittered; shifts of citizens and businesses which, through their work efforts, keep our country afloat, and who offer serious reasons to hope that we will make it. Those workers died at four o'clock on a Sunday morning. They died while working on a Sunday, at night, instead of compromising or demeaning the value and the meaning of Sunday, the day of the Lord, while paradoxically elevating and ennobling it.
    [fulltext] => 
We would have had other words and felt other emotions , always tragic but different, if these workers, both Italian and foreigners, had died underneath the rubble while having fun dancing in a club or shopping in a 24/7 mall.  Someone might have added "if" and others "but" to those hypothetical deaths;  but to die while working on a Sunday night has caused greater pain and increased the value of those lives, of those deaths, of that night, even of that Sunday.
In our society it isn't human work or the effort put in it which are the enemies of the feast day and of Sundays; they never have been. Their real adversaries are lifestyles founded more on consumerism and on seeking income and profits, which  then enslave the workers from whom is stolen the Sunday as the day for restful enjoyment. He who lives and loves his job, lives and loves the day of rest and the times of feasting (enjoying). The very word ‘feast’ comes in fact from fesia which is the root of feria as well, that is, a work day. A society which offers too few jobs and makes work too precarious, ends by negating Sundays as the day of rest.  Let's not forget that the first thief of Sundays is unemployment, not work, because when you are not employed or under-employed, you are not only robbed of work, but also of the feast day: a feast day without work is never a real and full feast. And vice versa.
If you work but don't observe the day of rest, you no longer work, but you experience instead the state of slavery, even when you are well paid. It is becoming ever more a normality when the great capitalistic businesses hire youth, give them high salaries, luxury cars and future rapid career growth, but at a price (invisible yet very real) that's too high, having to renounce feast days, and eventually, life. If feast days are gone, and therefore those for family life, perhaps leaving only enough time for some entertainment and distractions, in these workers there is a progressive drying up of the wells from which you draw working energy, only to find oneself burnt-out and exhausted after only a few years, as a worker and as a person.

Both individual and collective life function only when the feast day and work are allies, when the time for the one establishes  and prepares the time for the other, even in the same places - and the farming and artisan culture knew this well.  There is not enough celebrating today in society and in the workplace, where without its' symbolic strength, are not able to create a sense of belonging to a common destiny, as well as create the ties which keep a human community together. It is of great importance to celebrate especially when one is suffering, when times are hard. This is why we must all  re-learn to enjoy ourselves in this late-modern economic society, even in our  workplaces. If one is not able to "waste" some time for some celebration, the whole working period is impoverished and one truly wastes everything. A working person knows, for example, that to not be able to join in a colleague's birthday or wedding celebration is a strong and clear signal that that particular working environment is slowly losing its appeal and is becoming a sad place to be.

 

If we wish to overcome cynicism and pessimism in this age of crisis, and these are the very diseases of every crisis, we must re-discover, politically as well, the great symbolic  and bonding strength of the real feast, even in the workplace, in schools, in the offices, at the iron furnaces, in different departments and with our dusty clothes: "Work isn't dirty." Never tell a worker who arrives from his job that  "he is dirty". You must say: 'He has the traces of his job on his clothes.' Remember that" (Edmund De Amicis, Cuore).

 
All of Luigino Bruni's comments on Avvenire can be found under Avvenire Editorial.
    [checked_out] => 0
    [checked_out_time] => 0000-00-00 00:00:00
    [catid] => 888
    [created] => 2012-05-26 08:20:24
    [created_by] => 64
    [created_by_alias] => Luigino Bruni
    [state] => 1
    [modified] => 2020-08-23 20:48:21
    [modified_by] => 609
    [modified_by_name] => Super User
    [publish_up] => 2012-05-27 10:19:00
    [publish_down] => 0000-00-00 00:00:00
    [images] => {"image_intro":"","float_intro":"","image_intro_alt":"","image_intro_caption":"","image_fulltext":"","float_fulltext":"","image_fulltext_alt":"","image_fulltext_caption":""}
    [urls] => {"urla":null,"urlatext":"","targeta":"","urlb":null,"urlbtext":"","targetb":"","urlc":null,"urlctext":"","targetc":""}
    [attribs] => {"show_title":"","link_titles":"","show_intro":"","show_category":"","link_category":"","show_parent_category":"","link_parent_category":"","show_author":"","link_author":"","show_create_date":"","show_modify_date":"","show_publish_date":"","show_item_navigation":"","show_icons":"","show_print_icon":"","show_email_icon":"","show_vote":"","show_hits":"","show_noauth":"","urls_position":"","alternative_readmore":"","article_layout":"","show_publishing_options":"","show_article_options":"","show_urls_images_backend":"","show_urls_images_frontend":""}
    [metadata] => {"robots":"","author":"","rights":"","xreference":""}
    [metakey] => 
    [metadesc] => 
    [access] => 1
    [hits] => 4239
    [xreference] => 
    [featured] => 0
    [language] => en-GB
    [on_img_default] => 1
    [readmore] => 4230
    [ordering] => 291
    [category_title] => EN - Avvenire Editorials
    [category_route] => economia-civile/it-editoriali-vari/it-varie-editoriali-avvenire
    [category_access] => 1
    [category_alias] => en-avvenire-editorial
    [published] => 1
    [parents_published] => 1
    [lft] => 79
    [author] => Luigino Bruni
    [author_email] => ferrucci.anto@gmail.com
    [parent_title] => IT - Editoriali vari
    [parent_id] => 893
    [parent_route] => economia-civile/it-editoriali-vari
    [parent_alias] => it-editoriali-vari
    [rating] => 0
    [rating_count] => 0
    [alternative_readmore] => 
    [layout] => 
    [params] => Joomla\Registry\Registry Object
        (
            [data:protected] => stdClass Object
                (
                    [article_layout] => _:default
                    [show_title] => 1
                    [link_titles] => 1
                    [show_intro] => 1
                    [info_block_position] => 0
                    [info_block_show_title] => 1
                    [show_category] => 1
                    [link_category] => 1
                    [show_parent_category] => 1
                    [link_parent_category] => 1
                    [show_associations] => 0
                    [flags] => 1
                    [show_author] => 0
                    [link_author] => 0
                    [show_create_date] => 1
                    [show_modify_date] => 0
                    [show_publish_date] => 1
                    [show_item_navigation] => 1
                    [show_vote] => 0
                    [show_readmore] => 0
                    [show_readmore_title] => 0
                    [readmore_limit] => 100
                    [show_tags] => 1
                    [show_icons] => 1
                    [show_print_icon] => 1
                    [show_email_icon] => 1
                    [show_hits] => 0
                    [record_hits] => 1
                    [show_noauth] => 0
                    [urls_position] => 1
                    [captcha] => 
                    [show_publishing_options] => 1
                    [show_article_options] => 1
                    [save_history] => 1
                    [history_limit] => 10
                    [show_urls_images_frontend] => 0
                    [show_urls_images_backend] => 1
                    [targeta] => 0
                    [targetb] => 0
                    [targetc] => 0
                    [float_intro] => left
                    [float_fulltext] => left
                    [category_layout] => _:blog
                    [show_category_heading_title_text] => 0
                    [show_category_title] => 0
                    [show_description] => 0
                    [show_description_image] => 0
                    [maxLevel] => 0
                    [show_empty_categories] => 0
                    [show_no_articles] => 1
                    [show_subcat_desc] => 0
                    [show_cat_num_articles] => 0
                    [show_cat_tags] => 1
                    [show_base_description] => 1
                    [maxLevelcat] => -1
                    [show_empty_categories_cat] => 0
                    [show_subcat_desc_cat] => 0
                    [show_cat_num_articles_cat] => 0
                    [num_leading_articles] => 0
                    [num_intro_articles] => 14
                    [num_columns] => 2
                    [num_links] => 0
                    [multi_column_order] => 1
                    [show_subcategory_content] => -1
                    [show_pagination_limit] => 1
                    [filter_field] => hide
                    [show_headings] => 1
                    [list_show_date] => 0
                    [date_format] => 
                    [list_show_hits] => 1
                    [list_show_author] => 1
                    [list_show_votes] => 0
                    [list_show_ratings] => 0
                    [orderby_pri] => none
                    [orderby_sec] => rdate
                    [order_date] => published
                    [show_pagination] => 2
                    [show_pagination_results] => 1
                    [show_featured] => show
                    [show_feed_link] => 1
                    [feed_summary] => 0
                    [feed_show_readmore] => 0
                    [sef_advanced] => 1
                    [sef_ids] => 1
                    [custom_fields_enable] => 1
                    [show_page_heading] => 0
                    [layout_type] => blog
                    [menu_text] => 1
                    [menu_show] => 1
                    [secure] => 0
                    [helixultimatemenulayout] => {"width":600,"menualign":"right","megamenu":0,"showtitle":1,"faicon":"","customclass":"","dropdown":"right","badge":"","badge_position":"","badge_bg_color":"","badge_text_color":"","layout":[]}
                    [helixultimate_enable_page_title] => 1
                    [helixultimate_page_title_alt] => Avvenire Editorials
                    [helixultimate_page_subtitle] => Civil Economy
                    [helixultimate_page_title_heading] => h2
                    [page_title] => Avvenire Editorials
                    [page_description] => 
                    [page_rights] => 
                    [robots] => 
                    [access-view] => 1
                )

            [initialized:protected] => 1
            [separator] => .
        )

    [displayDate] => 2012-05-26 08:20:24
    [tags] => Joomla\CMS\Helper\TagsHelper Object
        (
            [tagsChanged:protected] => 
            [replaceTags:protected] => 
            [typeAlias] => 
            [itemTags] => Array
                (
                )

        )

    [slug] => 16604:our-work-clothes
    [parent_slug] => 893:it-editoriali-vari
    [catslug] => 888:en-avvenire-editorial
    [event] => stdClass Object
        (
            [afterDisplayTitle] => 
            [beforeDisplayContent] => 
            [afterDisplayContent] => 
        )

    [text] => 
A reflection of Luigino Bruni on the earthquake, work and feast day: topics that deal with family in his opening address at the VII World Day of the Families that begins today in Milan
Comments - Those four deaths, our life 
By Luigino Bruni
Published in Avvenire on 26/05/2012
Four of those who died in the Reggio Emilia Region earthquake were working. They were working at four in the morning on a Sunday. There is something different about dying while working. In these times of crisis and suffering for lack of jobs, the death of these workers tell us many things, they send us many messages. First of all, through tragedy, they tell us that in our age, all centered on consumerism and money, places of work still exist, as well as that shift work and  shift – workers, whom the present crisis has made harder and embittered; shifts of citizens and businesses which, through their work efforts, keep our country afloat, and who offer serious reasons to hope that we will make it. Those workers died at four o'clock on a Sunday morning. They died while working on a Sunday, at night, instead of compromising or demeaning the value and the meaning of Sunday, the day of the Lord, while paradoxically elevating and ennobling it.
    [jcfields] => Array
        (
        )

    [type] => intro
    [oddeven] => item-odd
)

stdClass Object
(
    [id] => 16607
    [title] => A New Pact for Europe
    [alias] => a-new-pact-for-europe
    [introtext] => 
Comments – As in 1951 but because of the finance
By Luigino Bruni
Published in the Avvenire  on 15/04/2012

The instability and the fiscal and economic uncertainties that are characterizing, and will still long characterize, the current season of the financial market and of society, also depends on the big question on the present and the future of Europe, of economic, civil and political Europe. When in 1951 the CECA was formed, the Community of carbon and steel, behind this epochal event, took a fundamental step towards the “Treatise of Rome” and, therefore, towards the European Community, there was a genial and prophetic intuition of huge political, cultural and also spiritual valence: to create a community pact precisely on the strategic resources that were at the heart of two big world conflicts, that carbon and steel that had fuelled the wars.
    [fulltext] => 
It has been a few yeas that Europe is living through the greatest civil crisis since after WW II. The globalization of markets, and unsustainable lifestyles on the level of individual and collective consumption (public debts), have destabilized, perhaps also undermined, the equilibrium on which the European Community was founded, generated by the initial agreements. Today, if Europe truly wants to get out of this serious crisis and imagine itself in a new season of wealth and civilization, it is called to do something similar to what was done back in 1951 by our fathers and grandfathers: it must really put in common the main strategic resources that in these recent years are fomenting a form of war among the peoples of the old continent and, always more, of the world: their finances. Whatever has been done up to now through the euro, the European Central Bank, the save-the-nations fund, have evidently not been enough. A community pact on the finance would mean many things, among which to give life to Eurobonds and a true Central European Bank, which however, in order to be created,  need a fundamental element, as essential as it is clearly absent or at least insufficient; that is, real trust among European nations and institutions.
The European financial situation and that of the world, in short, are in urgent need of a real structural reform. This capitalistic financing, which increasingly possesses (or puts a lean on) big industries, institutions and politics, is becoming a “common global evil” that renders our development unsustainable and is based on the dogma of maximizing profits in brief time periods. A dogma, that in the past was implicit and normally tacit and which today, instead, has no shame and is explicitly stated as the only possible way to be efficient and grow.
A true European pact "on and for the finance" could represent an initial and decisive step towards the necessary and urgent regulation of financial speculation, recalling the banks back to their fundamental functions for the common good (access to credit, prudent management of savings, support of investments made by productive businesses), functions that in the last decades have been betrayed by huge speculative financing which is deforming the whole financial sector, and therefore the economy and society.
Luigi Einaudi often recalled that economic science should study above all the “critical points”; that is, those thresholds crossed by which a positive reality becomes a negative one (or vice versa). Today, the financial market has certainly crossed this threshold and from the fundamental guardian of the economy and the family, it is becoming a tyrant in the world. These are the moments in which high politics needs to get back to its proper task by giving life to institutional processes that place at the centre of civic life the needs of the common good, a common good that today is so evident that it should not cause any dispute with theological and philosophical descriptions of its nature. In these years, we are playing a decisive game for our democracy.
The strong earthquake that the globalization of markets and that capitalistic-financial ideologies have set off has given a powerful shaking to our democratic edifice. The measures that we are taking in these years and months have been supports to stop the building from crumbling all together, without being able to discern real operations of restructuring of the main buildings.
A European pact “on and for the finance" would be its first and fundamental pillar, but one cannot see in our current political leaders neither the strength of ideas nor the civic courage to give life to such an operation, thus leaving to the younger generations a common home that is dangerously off kilter and in constant risk of succumbing to the next tremors. We thus need to continue to talk always more on these fundamental topics that are absent from public debate, because if there is to be a rebirth of Europe and a new economic world order, this time it will not be able to come up from the political sphere (too weak after the demise of the ideologies): the hope lies entirely in civil society and, therefore, in people’s will to live and to have a future.
All of Luigino Bruni's comments on Avvenire can be found under Avvenire Editorial.
    [checked_out] => 0
    [checked_out_time] => 0000-00-00 00:00:00
    [catid] => 888
    [created] => 2012-04-15 08:20:24
    [created_by] => 64
    [created_by_alias] => Luigino Bruni
    [state] => 1
    [modified] => 2020-08-23 20:48:21
    [modified_by] => 609
    [modified_by_name] => Super User
    [publish_up] => 2012-04-15 10:19:00
    [publish_down] => 0000-00-00 00:00:00
    [images] => {"image_intro":"","float_intro":"","image_intro_alt":"","image_intro_caption":"","image_fulltext":"","float_fulltext":"","image_fulltext_alt":"","image_fulltext_caption":""}
    [urls] => {"urla":null,"urlatext":"","targeta":"","urlb":null,"urlbtext":"","targetb":"","urlc":null,"urlctext":"","targetc":""}
    [attribs] => {"show_title":"","link_titles":"","show_intro":"","show_category":"","link_category":"","show_parent_category":"","link_parent_category":"","show_author":"","link_author":"","show_create_date":"","show_modify_date":"","show_publish_date":"","show_item_navigation":"","show_icons":"","show_print_icon":"","show_email_icon":"","show_vote":"","show_hits":"","show_noauth":"","urls_position":"","alternative_readmore":"","article_layout":"","show_publishing_options":"","show_article_options":"","show_urls_images_backend":"","show_urls_images_frontend":""}
    [metadata] => {"robots":"","author":"","rights":"","xreference":""}
    [metakey] => 
    [metadesc] => 
    [access] => 1
    [hits] => 4253
    [xreference] => 
    [featured] => 0
    [language] => en-GB
    [on_img_default] => 1
    [readmore] => 4779
    [ordering] => 298
    [category_title] => EN - Avvenire Editorials
    [category_route] => economia-civile/it-editoriali-vari/it-varie-editoriali-avvenire
    [category_access] => 1
    [category_alias] => en-avvenire-editorial
    [published] => 1
    [parents_published] => 1
    [lft] => 79
    [author] => Luigino Bruni
    [author_email] => ferrucci.anto@gmail.com
    [parent_title] => IT - Editoriali vari
    [parent_id] => 893
    [parent_route] => economia-civile/it-editoriali-vari
    [parent_alias] => it-editoriali-vari
    [rating] => 0
    [rating_count] => 0
    [alternative_readmore] => 
    [layout] => 
    [params] => Joomla\Registry\Registry Object
        (
            [data:protected] => stdClass Object
                (
                    [article_layout] => _:default
                    [show_title] => 1
                    [link_titles] => 1
                    [show_intro] => 1
                    [info_block_position] => 0
                    [info_block_show_title] => 1
                    [show_category] => 1
                    [link_category] => 1
                    [show_parent_category] => 1
                    [link_parent_category] => 1
                    [show_associations] => 0
                    [flags] => 1
                    [show_author] => 0
                    [link_author] => 0
                    [show_create_date] => 1
                    [show_modify_date] => 0
                    [show_publish_date] => 1
                    [show_item_navigation] => 1
                    [show_vote] => 0
                    [show_readmore] => 0
                    [show_readmore_title] => 0
                    [readmore_limit] => 100
                    [show_tags] => 1
                    [show_icons] => 1
                    [show_print_icon] => 1
                    [show_email_icon] => 1
                    [show_hits] => 0
                    [record_hits] => 1
                    [show_noauth] => 0
                    [urls_position] => 1
                    [captcha] => 
                    [show_publishing_options] => 1
                    [show_article_options] => 1
                    [save_history] => 1
                    [history_limit] => 10
                    [show_urls_images_frontend] => 0
                    [show_urls_images_backend] => 1
                    [targeta] => 0
                    [targetb] => 0
                    [targetc] => 0
                    [float_intro] => left
                    [float_fulltext] => left
                    [category_layout] => _:blog
                    [show_category_heading_title_text] => 0
                    [show_category_title] => 0
                    [show_description] => 0
                    [show_description_image] => 0
                    [maxLevel] => 0
                    [show_empty_categories] => 0
                    [show_no_articles] => 1
                    [show_subcat_desc] => 0
                    [show_cat_num_articles] => 0
                    [show_cat_tags] => 1
                    [show_base_description] => 1
                    [maxLevelcat] => -1
                    [show_empty_categories_cat] => 0
                    [show_subcat_desc_cat] => 0
                    [show_cat_num_articles_cat] => 0
                    [num_leading_articles] => 0
                    [num_intro_articles] => 14
                    [num_columns] => 2
                    [num_links] => 0
                    [multi_column_order] => 1
                    [show_subcategory_content] => -1
                    [show_pagination_limit] => 1
                    [filter_field] => hide
                    [show_headings] => 1
                    [list_show_date] => 0
                    [date_format] => 
                    [list_show_hits] => 1
                    [list_show_author] => 1
                    [list_show_votes] => 0
                    [list_show_ratings] => 0
                    [orderby_pri] => none
                    [orderby_sec] => rdate
                    [order_date] => published
                    [show_pagination] => 2
                    [show_pagination_results] => 1
                    [show_featured] => show
                    [show_feed_link] => 1
                    [feed_summary] => 0
                    [feed_show_readmore] => 0
                    [sef_advanced] => 1
                    [sef_ids] => 1
                    [custom_fields_enable] => 1
                    [show_page_heading] => 0
                    [layout_type] => blog
                    [menu_text] => 1
                    [menu_show] => 1
                    [secure] => 0
                    [helixultimatemenulayout] => {"width":600,"menualign":"right","megamenu":0,"showtitle":1,"faicon":"","customclass":"","dropdown":"right","badge":"","badge_position":"","badge_bg_color":"","badge_text_color":"","layout":[]}
                    [helixultimate_enable_page_title] => 1
                    [helixultimate_page_title_alt] => Avvenire Editorials
                    [helixultimate_page_subtitle] => Civil Economy
                    [helixultimate_page_title_heading] => h2
                    [page_title] => Avvenire Editorials
                    [page_description] => 
                    [page_rights] => 
                    [robots] => 
                    [access-view] => 1
                )

            [initialized:protected] => 1
            [separator] => .
        )

    [displayDate] => 2012-04-15 08:20:24
    [tags] => Joomla\CMS\Helper\TagsHelper Object
        (
            [tagsChanged:protected] => 
            [replaceTags:protected] => 
            [typeAlias] => 
            [itemTags] => Array
                (
                )

        )

    [slug] => 16607:a-new-pact-for-europe
    [parent_slug] => 893:it-editoriali-vari
    [catslug] => 888:en-avvenire-editorial
    [event] => stdClass Object
        (
            [afterDisplayTitle] => 
            [beforeDisplayContent] => 
            [afterDisplayContent] => 
        )

    [text] => 
Comments – As in 1951 but because of the finance
By Luigino Bruni
Published in the Avvenire  on 15/04/2012

The instability and the fiscal and economic uncertainties that are characterizing, and will still long characterize, the current season of the financial market and of society, also depends on the big question on the present and the future of Europe, of economic, civil and political Europe. When in 1951 the CECA was formed, the Community of carbon and steel, behind this epochal event, took a fundamental step towards the “Treatise of Rome” and, therefore, towards the European Community, there was a genial and prophetic intuition of huge political, cultural and also spiritual valence: to create a community pact precisely on the strategic resources that were at the heart of two big world conflicts, that carbon and steel that had fuelled the wars.
    [jcfields] => Array
        (
        )

    [type] => intro
    [oddeven] => item-odd
)

stdClass Object
(
    [id] => 16614
    [title] => Making Cakes
    [alias] => making-cakes
    [introtext] => 
Editorial - Entrepreneurs, Not Speculators
by Luigino Bruni
published on Avvenire on 02/10/2011

One does not get out of any crisis with reductions and tax cuts. There is an urgent need for the civil, political and economic factory to start up again. Then the question becomes real and serious: how? The operation is complex but Italy (and the West) above all needs new entrepreneurs. Today, entrepreneur is a word that is overused and misunderstood. In the media, entrepreneurs are often the focus of the headlines, but the noun ‘entrepreneur’ is used improperly and in an offensive way to those who are really entrepreneurs. Many individuals commonly referred to as entrepreneurs should instead be called with other words such as speculators or dealers.
    [fulltext] => 
The difference between the entrepreneur and the speculator is in the role it plays in the pursuit of profit. The speculator is the person, individual or institution that aims at maximization of profit. It is not necessarily a criminal or an enemy of the common good, but someone for whom the business entity is only instrumental, a way like others to make money. Thus, the speculator opens a shoe factory today, a construction company tomorrow, a hospital the day after tomorrow, with the sole purpose of making money through those activities. The entrepreneur, as the real everyday life tells us and as some great economists like Schumpeter, Einaudi or Bacattini, is a different person because the first goal of its activity is to create a project. Profit is just one of many elements of its project, an important sign that the project is working, innovating and growing over time. Therefore, the entrepreneur is someone who never totally “exploits” the business because of its given intrinsic value, as an expression of undertaking an individual and collective project of life. This is true to an extent that many businessmen, especially in these times, would make much more money giving up the company and investing the proceeds in speculative funds. But they do not do it because in that business they see something more than just money-making machine. There we can see their identity and history.
The current crisis is also the result of a cultural process that has led, in recent decades, far too many entrepreneurs to become speculators, thus losing relationship with the territory, with the people of flesh and bones, with the workers-persons, therefore helping the financial system to exaggerate its governance not only in the business but the world. But without authentic entrepreneurs there can be no true common good. The entrepreneur-innovator, unlike the speculator, sees the world as a populated place of opportunities to be seized, not simply to increase its slice of the “pie,” but for its vocation, loves to make new pies. From civil humanism of the fifteenth century to the industrial districts made in Italy, to the craftsmen artists to cooperatives, Italy was capable of civil and economic development when cultural and institutional conditions were created which allowed cultivation of the virtues of creativity and innovation, but instead we stopped growing as a country when whining, research and maintaining advantageous positions dominated, as in this last quarter of the century. People are the most important asset when the economy and society work even before the capital, finance or technology because only people know how to be creative and give life to those great innovations that are essential in hard times. Even today, after decades of hung-over for the growth of technological and financial capital, we are realizing that companies can grow and be leaders in the global economy. They are always more the ones where there are one or more people capable of seeing differently the reality.
People’s intelligence is the key to any real innovation and to any authentic economic value, as the economist and politician Carlo Cattaneo well know: “There is no work; there is no capital that does not begin with an act of intelligence. Before each job, before any capital is intelligence that begins the work and marks for the first time the character of wealth.”
Today, Italy is not (yet) sinking because, despite everything, there are millions of people, men and women, workers and entrepreneurs, who get up every morning to do their duty, who try to solve their problems and the others, drawing on their creativity to be innovative. If we want to get out of this crisis, we must first make life possible for these people, and arouse, especially among young people, a new enthusiasm and new entrepreneurial vocations. But this will not happen until we put the spotlight on the civil society, including that part of civil life which we call business.
All of Luigino Bruni's comments on Avvenire can be found under Avvenire Editorial.
    [checked_out] => 0
    [checked_out_time] => 0000-00-00 00:00:00
    [catid] => 888
    [created] => 2011-10-02 16:42:57
    [created_by] => 64
    [created_by_alias] => Luigino Bruni
    [state] => 1
    [modified] => 2020-08-23 20:48:21
    [modified_by] => 609
    [modified_by_name] => Super User
    [publish_up] => 2011-10-03 16:42:00
    [publish_down] => 0000-00-00 00:00:00
    [images] => {"image_intro":"","float_intro":"","image_intro_alt":"","image_intro_caption":"","image_fulltext":"","float_fulltext":"","image_fulltext_alt":"","image_fulltext_caption":""}
    [urls] => {"urla":null,"urlatext":"","targeta":"","urlb":null,"urlbtext":"","targetb":"","urlc":null,"urlctext":"","targetc":""}
    [attribs] => {"show_title":"","link_titles":"","show_intro":"","show_category":"","link_category":"","show_parent_category":"","link_parent_category":"","show_author":"","link_author":"","show_create_date":"","show_modify_date":"","show_publish_date":"","show_item_navigation":"","show_icons":"","show_print_icon":"","show_email_icon":"","show_vote":"","show_hits":"","show_noauth":"","urls_position":"","alternative_readmore":"","article_layout":"","show_publishing_options":"","show_article_options":"","show_urls_images_backend":"","show_urls_images_frontend":""}
    [metadata] => {"robots":"","author":"","rights":"","xreference":""}
    [metakey] => 
    [metadesc] => 
    [access] => 1
    [hits] => 5995
    [xreference] => 
    [featured] => 0
    [language] => en-GB
    [on_img_default] => 1
    [readmore] => 4724
    [ordering] => 305
    [category_title] => EN - Avvenire Editorials
    [category_route] => economia-civile/it-editoriali-vari/it-varie-editoriali-avvenire
    [category_access] => 1
    [category_alias] => en-avvenire-editorial
    [published] => 1
    [parents_published] => 1
    [lft] => 79
    [author] => Luigino Bruni
    [author_email] => ferrucci.anto@gmail.com
    [parent_title] => IT - Editoriali vari
    [parent_id] => 893
    [parent_route] => economia-civile/it-editoriali-vari
    [parent_alias] => it-editoriali-vari
    [rating] => 0
    [rating_count] => 0
    [alternative_readmore] => 
    [layout] => 
    [params] => Joomla\Registry\Registry Object
        (
            [data:protected] => stdClass Object
                (
                    [article_layout] => _:default
                    [show_title] => 1
                    [link_titles] => 1
                    [show_intro] => 1
                    [info_block_position] => 0
                    [info_block_show_title] => 1
                    [show_category] => 1
                    [link_category] => 1
                    [show_parent_category] => 1
                    [link_parent_category] => 1
                    [show_associations] => 0
                    [flags] => 1
                    [show_author] => 0
                    [link_author] => 0
                    [show_create_date] => 1
                    [show_modify_date] => 0
                    [show_publish_date] => 1
                    [show_item_navigation] => 1
                    [show_vote] => 0
                    [show_readmore] => 0
                    [show_readmore_title] => 0
                    [readmore_limit] => 100
                    [show_tags] => 1
                    [show_icons] => 1
                    [show_print_icon] => 1
                    [show_email_icon] => 1
                    [show_hits] => 0
                    [record_hits] => 1
                    [show_noauth] => 0
                    [urls_position] => 1
                    [captcha] => 
                    [show_publishing_options] => 1
                    [show_article_options] => 1
                    [save_history] => 1
                    [history_limit] => 10
                    [show_urls_images_frontend] => 0
                    [show_urls_images_backend] => 1
                    [targeta] => 0
                    [targetb] => 0
                    [targetc] => 0
                    [float_intro] => left
                    [float_fulltext] => left
                    [category_layout] => _:blog
                    [show_category_heading_title_text] => 0
                    [show_category_title] => 0
                    [show_description] => 0
                    [show_description_image] => 0
                    [maxLevel] => 0
                    [show_empty_categories] => 0
                    [show_no_articles] => 1
                    [show_subcat_desc] => 0
                    [show_cat_num_articles] => 0
                    [show_cat_tags] => 1
                    [show_base_description] => 1
                    [maxLevelcat] => -1
                    [show_empty_categories_cat] => 0
                    [show_subcat_desc_cat] => 0
                    [show_cat_num_articles_cat] => 0
                    [num_leading_articles] => 0
                    [num_intro_articles] => 14
                    [num_columns] => 2
                    [num_links] => 0
                    [multi_column_order] => 1
                    [show_subcategory_content] => -1
                    [show_pagination_limit] => 1
                    [filter_field] => hide
                    [show_headings] => 1
                    [list_show_date] => 0
                    [date_format] => 
                    [list_show_hits] => 1
                    [list_show_author] => 1
                    [list_show_votes] => 0
                    [list_show_ratings] => 0
                    [orderby_pri] => none
                    [orderby_sec] => rdate
                    [order_date] => published
                    [show_pagination] => 2
                    [show_pagination_results] => 1
                    [show_featured] => show
                    [show_feed_link] => 1
                    [feed_summary] => 0
                    [feed_show_readmore] => 0
                    [sef_advanced] => 1
                    [sef_ids] => 1
                    [custom_fields_enable] => 1
                    [show_page_heading] => 0
                    [layout_type] => blog
                    [menu_text] => 1
                    [menu_show] => 1
                    [secure] => 0
                    [helixultimatemenulayout] => {"width":600,"menualign":"right","megamenu":0,"showtitle":1,"faicon":"","customclass":"","dropdown":"right","badge":"","badge_position":"","badge_bg_color":"","badge_text_color":"","layout":[]}
                    [helixultimate_enable_page_title] => 1
                    [helixultimate_page_title_alt] => Avvenire Editorials
                    [helixultimate_page_subtitle] => Civil Economy
                    [helixultimate_page_title_heading] => h2
                    [page_title] => Avvenire Editorials
                    [page_description] => 
                    [page_rights] => 
                    [robots] => 
                    [access-view] => 1
                )

            [initialized:protected] => 1
            [separator] => .
        )

    [displayDate] => 2011-10-02 16:42:57
    [tags] => Joomla\CMS\Helper\TagsHelper Object
        (
            [tagsChanged:protected] => 
            [replaceTags:protected] => 
            [typeAlias] => 
            [itemTags] => Array
                (
                )

        )

    [slug] => 16614:making-cakes
    [parent_slug] => 893:it-editoriali-vari
    [catslug] => 888:en-avvenire-editorial
    [event] => stdClass Object
        (
            [afterDisplayTitle] => 
            [beforeDisplayContent] => 
            [afterDisplayContent] => 
        )

    [text] => 
Editorial - Entrepreneurs, Not Speculators
by Luigino Bruni
published on Avvenire on 02/10/2011

One does not get out of any crisis with reductions and tax cuts. There is an urgent need for the civil, political and economic factory to start up again. Then the question becomes real and serious: how? The operation is complex but Italy (and the West) above all needs new entrepreneurs. Today, entrepreneur is a word that is overused and misunderstood. In the media, entrepreneurs are often the focus of the headlines, but the noun ‘entrepreneur’ is used improperly and in an offensive way to those who are really entrepreneurs. Many individuals commonly referred to as entrepreneurs should instead be called with other words such as speculators or dealers.
    [jcfields] => Array
        (
        )

    [type] => intro
    [oddeven] => item-odd
)

stdClass Object
(
    [id] => 16616
    [title] => Rewarding the honest
    [alias] => rewarding-the-honest
    [introtext] => 
Comments - The weapon against more tax evasion
Rewarding the honest
by Luigino Bruni
published on Avvenire on 28/08/2011
For teachers exams are a sad ritual in search of hidden notes and of new tricks to pass the test without studying. When a course is particularly led to these malpractices the first and natural reaction of the faculty is to increase controls and harsh punishments. I too have fallen into this temptation, but I learned that the main, if not the only, effect one gets is a double failure: it creates a crime atmosphere in the classroom and all students work badly, and the "copying professionals" always find more sophisticated systems that circumvent the controls while the average student falls in tighter controls, because now even a harmless look at the neighbor’s desk is punished.
    [fulltext] => 
Last year I happened to teach Economics at a prestigious foreign university and I discovered that the exams were "open book." Obviously I had to develop a more structured exam but I'm even more convinced that the best way to increase efficiency and fairness in any system involves the right design of institutional mechanisms. Tightening controls and sanctions in my exams, with the best intentions and without wanting it I sent a strong message to my students: "you are basically dishonest and unfair," a message that frustrated the intrinsic motivation of good students and unleashed the imagination of the few unfair students to the point of wanting to prove that they were more cunning than me.
I believe there is a link between this experience and the debate against tax evasion which is in progress in Italy today. The first step for a real tax reform is to rethink the design and overall logic of the tax system: returning to the school metaphor, to switch from "note hunting" to "open book exams," where appropriate incentives are given to citizens to demand their own and others’ transparent transactions, allowing, for example, families to have less expenses and a more appropriate rate than the present ones.
A second element of a serious tax reform should begin with the realization that even if we were to sanction all bakers, bartenders, craftsmen and professionals who do not issue receipts and invoices (which is obviously necessary), there exist a mega tax and ethical issue for large companies and individuals who have registered offices and homes in tax havens, and easily exchange enormous wealth in international financial markets evading taxes (just see the reactions to the Tobin tax proposal or the taxation of Credit Default Swaps (CDS)), perhaps of pending future amnesties. Without a serious fight against these macro fiscal scandals, we can also close down some activity that does not issue a receipt (an appropriate thing in itself, especially when it comes to freelancers or medical professionals with villas and SUVs), but we would do the grave error of who treats the tooth decay of a patient and neglect to care about a tumor: treat well the tooth decay (which is very painful when inflamed: the dental metaphor is purely coincidental), but let us also remember of the tumor.
But there's more. In 1766 Giacinto Dragonetti, lawyer from Aquila, Italy, published a book entitled "On Virtues and Rewards," not by chance two years after the publication of the famous "On Crimes and Punishments" by Cesare Beccaria. In Dragonetti’s Introduction, it reads: "Men have made millions of laws to punish crime, and they haven´t established even one to award virtue," and therefore proposed to his Kingdom of Naples to give life to a true and real "Code of Rewards" which would accompany the "Penal Code," based on the extraordinary intuition that a country cannot develop if, while punishing the dishonest, it does not reward the virtuous citizens. It is true that an indirect way to reward the honest is to punish adequately the opportunists and the cunning ones, and today Italy also needs this. But we must bear in mind one of the lessons of economic science: the laws are mostly symbolic signals and messages, and those that are based on anthropological hypothesis that humans by nature are dishonest and opportunists ultimately produce opportunists and dishonest citizens. A tax reform that aims to be efficient and equitable must rely primarily on virtuous and law-abiding citizens that, we must not forget in these hard times, are always the vast majority of the population, including the Italian one, because if the opposite were true the common life would implode in the space of one morning. It is therefore the foundation of a healthy people that must be mobilized for a tax reform, with credible signs of confidence, esteem and gratitude. The biggest failure of a tax reform would be to further ruin the relationships between citizens, bringing them to look at colleagues and neighbors as dishonest and potential tax evaders, and not as valuable allies in the common construction of the city.
All of Luigino Bruni's comments on Avvenire can be found under Avvenire Editorial.
    [checked_out] => 0
    [checked_out_time] => 0000-00-00 00:00:00
    [catid] => 888
    [created] => 2011-08-29 06:37:07
    [created_by] => 64
    [created_by_alias] => Luigino Bruni
    [state] => 1
    [modified] => 2020-08-23 20:48:21
    [modified_by] => 609
    [modified_by_name] => Super User
    [publish_up] => 2011-08-29 06:37:07
    [publish_down] => 0000-00-00 00:00:00
    [images] => {"image_intro":"","float_intro":"","image_intro_alt":"","image_intro_caption":"","image_fulltext":"","float_fulltext":"","image_fulltext_alt":"","image_fulltext_caption":""}
    [urls] => {"urla":null,"urlatext":"","targeta":"","urlb":null,"urlbtext":"","targetb":"","urlc":null,"urlctext":"","targetc":""}
    [attribs] => {"show_title":"","link_titles":"","show_intro":"","show_category":"","link_category":"","show_parent_category":"","link_parent_category":"","show_author":"","link_author":"","show_create_date":"","show_modify_date":"","show_publish_date":"","show_item_navigation":"","show_icons":"","show_print_icon":"","show_email_icon":"","show_vote":"","show_hits":"","show_noauth":"","urls_position":"","alternative_readmore":"","article_layout":"","show_publishing_options":"","show_article_options":"","show_urls_images_backend":"","show_urls_images_frontend":""}
    [metadata] => {"robots":"","author":"","rights":"","xreference":""}
    [metakey] => 
    [metadesc] => 
    [access] => 1
    [hits] => 6039
    [xreference] => 
    [featured] => 0
    [language] => en-GB
    [on_img_default] => 1
    [readmore] => 4784
    [ordering] => 311
    [category_title] => EN - Avvenire Editorials
    [category_route] => economia-civile/it-editoriali-vari/it-varie-editoriali-avvenire
    [category_access] => 1
    [category_alias] => en-avvenire-editorial
    [published] => 1
    [parents_published] => 1
    [lft] => 79
    [author] => Luigino Bruni
    [author_email] => ferrucci.anto@gmail.com
    [parent_title] => IT - Editoriali vari
    [parent_id] => 893
    [parent_route] => economia-civile/it-editoriali-vari
    [parent_alias] => it-editoriali-vari
    [rating] => 0
    [rating_count] => 0
    [alternative_readmore] => 
    [layout] => 
    [params] => Joomla\Registry\Registry Object
        (
            [data:protected] => stdClass Object
                (
                    [article_layout] => _:default
                    [show_title] => 1
                    [link_titles] => 1
                    [show_intro] => 1
                    [info_block_position] => 0
                    [info_block_show_title] => 1
                    [show_category] => 1
                    [link_category] => 1
                    [show_parent_category] => 1
                    [link_parent_category] => 1
                    [show_associations] => 0
                    [flags] => 1
                    [show_author] => 0
                    [link_author] => 0
                    [show_create_date] => 1
                    [show_modify_date] => 0
                    [show_publish_date] => 1
                    [show_item_navigation] => 1
                    [show_vote] => 0
                    [show_readmore] => 0
                    [show_readmore_title] => 0
                    [readmore_limit] => 100
                    [show_tags] => 1
                    [show_icons] => 1
                    [show_print_icon] => 1
                    [show_email_icon] => 1
                    [show_hits] => 0
                    [record_hits] => 1
                    [show_noauth] => 0
                    [urls_position] => 1
                    [captcha] => 
                    [show_publishing_options] => 1
                    [show_article_options] => 1
                    [save_history] => 1
                    [history_limit] => 10
                    [show_urls_images_frontend] => 0
                    [show_urls_images_backend] => 1
                    [targeta] => 0
                    [targetb] => 0
                    [targetc] => 0
                    [float_intro] => left
                    [float_fulltext] => left
                    [category_layout] => _:blog
                    [show_category_heading_title_text] => 0
                    [show_category_title] => 0
                    [show_description] => 0
                    [show_description_image] => 0
                    [maxLevel] => 0
                    [show_empty_categories] => 0
                    [show_no_articles] => 1
                    [show_subcat_desc] => 0
                    [show_cat_num_articles] => 0
                    [show_cat_tags] => 1
                    [show_base_description] => 1
                    [maxLevelcat] => -1
                    [show_empty_categories_cat] => 0
                    [show_subcat_desc_cat] => 0
                    [show_cat_num_articles_cat] => 0
                    [num_leading_articles] => 0
                    [num_intro_articles] => 14
                    [num_columns] => 2
                    [num_links] => 0
                    [multi_column_order] => 1
                    [show_subcategory_content] => -1
                    [show_pagination_limit] => 1
                    [filter_field] => hide
                    [show_headings] => 1
                    [list_show_date] => 0
                    [date_format] => 
                    [list_show_hits] => 1
                    [list_show_author] => 1
                    [list_show_votes] => 0
                    [list_show_ratings] => 0
                    [orderby_pri] => none
                    [orderby_sec] => rdate
                    [order_date] => published
                    [show_pagination] => 2
                    [show_pagination_results] => 1
                    [show_featured] => show
                    [show_feed_link] => 1
                    [feed_summary] => 0
                    [feed_show_readmore] => 0
                    [sef_advanced] => 1
                    [sef_ids] => 1
                    [custom_fields_enable] => 1
                    [show_page_heading] => 0
                    [layout_type] => blog
                    [menu_text] => 1
                    [menu_show] => 1
                    [secure] => 0
                    [helixultimatemenulayout] => {"width":600,"menualign":"right","megamenu":0,"showtitle":1,"faicon":"","customclass":"","dropdown":"right","badge":"","badge_position":"","badge_bg_color":"","badge_text_color":"","layout":[]}
                    [helixultimate_enable_page_title] => 1
                    [helixultimate_page_title_alt] => Avvenire Editorials
                    [helixultimate_page_subtitle] => Civil Economy
                    [helixultimate_page_title_heading] => h2
                    [page_title] => Avvenire Editorials
                    [page_description] => 
                    [page_rights] => 
                    [robots] => 
                    [access-view] => 1
                )

            [initialized:protected] => 1
            [separator] => .
        )

    [displayDate] => 2011-08-29 06:37:07
    [tags] => Joomla\CMS\Helper\TagsHelper Object
        (
            [tagsChanged:protected] => 
            [replaceTags:protected] => 
            [typeAlias] => 
            [itemTags] => Array
                (
                )

        )

    [slug] => 16616:rewarding-the-honest
    [parent_slug] => 893:it-editoriali-vari
    [catslug] => 888:en-avvenire-editorial
    [event] => stdClass Object
        (
            [afterDisplayTitle] => 
            [beforeDisplayContent] => 
            [afterDisplayContent] => 
        )

    [text] => 
Comments - The weapon against more tax evasion
Rewarding the honest
by Luigino Bruni
published on Avvenire on 28/08/2011
For teachers exams are a sad ritual in search of hidden notes and of new tricks to pass the test without studying. When a course is particularly led to these malpractices the first and natural reaction of the faculty is to increase controls and harsh punishments. I too have fallen into this temptation, but I learned that the main, if not the only, effect one gets is a double failure: it creates a crime atmosphere in the classroom and all students work badly, and the "copying professionals" always find more sophisticated systems that circumvent the controls while the average student falls in tighter controls, because now even a harmless look at the neighbor’s desk is punished.
    [jcfields] => Array
        (
        )

    [type] => intro
    [oddeven] => item-odd
)

stdClass Object
(
    [id] => 16618
    [title] => The Tobin Tax lost for 10 years
    [alias] => the-tobin-tax-lost-for-10-years
    [introtext] => 
Avvenire Editorial - Europe, now at the crossroads, must be able to show the way
Listen to young people, choose well
The Tobin Tax lost for 10 years
by Luigino Bruni
published on Avvenire on 19/08/2011
The Tobin Tax is not a new idea but it is a significant and important idea, which has only a defect of being late. In this case, it is worth an old African proverb: "The best time to plant a tree was twenty years ago, but if you have not done it the best time is now."
A dynamic phase of the debate on this tax was the one that broke out around the year 2000, within the youth movement that started from Johannesburg which culminated in Genoa in July 2001. Two months after the sad events in Genoa, there was the attack on the Twin Towers that completely shifted the attention of international public opinion and politics from the Tobin Tax and the governance of financial globalization to terrorism and wars. Thus began a period of "distraction" from issues of financial speculation from which we have awakened to the tragic crisis of 2008, when we realized that during our global distraction, in reality, the speculative finance without rules and controls grew and became hypertrophic, reaching the edge of an abyss.
    [fulltext] => 
A first lesson to be learned from the history of recent years is therefore immediate but important: when young people are protesting together, in so many and on a global scale, often behind that protest, perhaps disordered and badly structured, hides an important question that must be heard beyond the partial or incorrect responses. If, in fact, we had listened, understood and made our own the questions that the young people posed to the world of economics and finance at the end of the last century, that is, a more attentive governance to the new dynamics of financial markets globalization, perhaps the crisis still in progress could have been avoided.
But to understand the meaning and purpose of a tax proposal at the time of Nobel James Tobin (one of the leading scholars of finance of all time, a figure that should already tell us something), it may be useful to recall the three main functions of taxes (and of taxations) in modern democracies.
The first is the most obvious and least controversial from the ideological point of view: financing and construction of public goods. The first function of taxes does not necessarily require special altruism or civic virtues, but only trust and hope that the vast majority the of other citizens are not tax evaders (a trust that we could also call today a virtue in Italy), but it is essentially a coordinated cost in order to produce goods that require contributions from all (security, infrastructure…).
The second function is the classic income redistribution: the taxation becomes an instrument of social solidarity and fraternity which says, with facts, that a people is also a community with a common good to ensure and protect, and may be based also on a form of self-interested rationality (as explained to us by philosopher John Rawls) when we think about the disadvantaged of the future could be us or our children.
The third function, the least known and remembered, which is to encourage the good called "meritorious" (or of merit) and discourage "demerit" good. Little or less goods, considered useful, are taxed for the common good (culture, education…) and more tax on those goods that in reality are "bad" (tobacco, hard liquor…). In this last case, taxes act as direct consumption of ethically sensitive people in areas where values are at stake in the general interest.
Normally, taxes play one or the other of these three functions and are very rare that they happen all together: the Tobin Tax is just one of them. In fact, to bring order and stability to financial markets today means to create a kind of public good that is of great value even economically. The redistributive effect is obvious, if they will use, as seems obvious, the revenue to build infrastructure, health and education in developing countries. Finally, financial speculation presents aspects of demerit goods, because the excessive risk that these tools create is downloaded from private entities, creating the typical "tragedy of the common good."
The critical challenge is to adopt such a tax at the maximum possible global level, as the field of finance is the world’s. As mentioned in other interventions, the legislation can only be global if it wants to be truly effective and not divert resources to other markets. In addition, the tax application must be associated with a serious fight against the scandal of tax havens, a reality in which we will have a hard time explaining its existence to our children without blushing of shame.
But even if only Europe could adopt the Tobin Tax I am convinced that it would be a great sign of civilization, which would benefit not only civil society but also the markets themselves, who need democracy and rules that will last. Europe has been home to modern economics and finance, has been able to invent these institutions and instruments which have been made big and made possible the development and democracy for billions of people, a beacon for humanity of the last centuries. Today Europe is faced with a choice: follow the short-term logic and the vested interests, and therefore leave the status quo of a financial market which today is not free because of the large ransom money, or give a sign of civilization with a courageous choice in line with its great history and its deep, and still alive, humanistic and Christian roots.
All of Luigino Bruni's comments on Avvenire can be found under Avvenire Editorial.
    [checked_out] => 0
    [checked_out_time] => 0000-00-00 00:00:00
    [catid] => 888
    [created] => 2011-08-19 08:01:04
    [created_by] => 64
    [created_by_alias] => Luigino Bruni
    [state] => 1
    [modified] => 2020-08-23 20:48:21
    [modified_by] => 609
    [modified_by_name] => Super User
    [publish_up] => 2011-08-19 08:01:04
    [publish_down] => 0000-00-00 00:00:00
    [images] => {"image_intro":"","float_intro":"","image_intro_alt":"","image_intro_caption":"","image_fulltext":"","float_fulltext":"","image_fulltext_alt":"","image_fulltext_caption":""}
    [urls] => {"urla":null,"urlatext":"","targeta":"","urlb":null,"urlbtext":"","targetb":"","urlc":null,"urlctext":"","targetc":""}
    [attribs] => {"show_title":"","link_titles":"","show_intro":"","show_category":"","link_category":"","show_parent_category":"","link_parent_category":"","show_author":"","link_author":"","show_create_date":"","show_modify_date":"","show_publish_date":"","show_item_navigation":"","show_icons":"","show_print_icon":"","show_email_icon":"","show_vote":"","show_hits":"","show_noauth":"","urls_position":"","alternative_readmore":"","article_layout":"","show_publishing_options":"","show_article_options":"","show_urls_images_backend":"","show_urls_images_frontend":""}
    [metadata] => {"robots":"","author":"","rights":"","xreference":""}
    [metakey] => 
    [metadesc] => 
    [access] => 1
    [hits] => 5818
    [xreference] => 
    [featured] => 0
    [language] => en-GB
    [on_img_default] => 1
    [readmore] => 5075
    [ordering] => 317
    [category_title] => EN - Avvenire Editorials
    [category_route] => economia-civile/it-editoriali-vari/it-varie-editoriali-avvenire
    [category_access] => 1
    [category_alias] => en-avvenire-editorial
    [published] => 1
    [parents_published] => 1
    [lft] => 79
    [author] => Luigino Bruni
    [author_email] => ferrucci.anto@gmail.com
    [parent_title] => IT - Editoriali vari
    [parent_id] => 893
    [parent_route] => economia-civile/it-editoriali-vari
    [parent_alias] => it-editoriali-vari
    [rating] => 0
    [rating_count] => 0
    [alternative_readmore] => 
    [layout] => 
    [params] => Joomla\Registry\Registry Object
        (
            [data:protected] => stdClass Object
                (
                    [article_layout] => _:default
                    [show_title] => 1
                    [link_titles] => 1
                    [show_intro] => 1
                    [info_block_position] => 0
                    [info_block_show_title] => 1
                    [show_category] => 1
                    [link_category] => 1
                    [show_parent_category] => 1
                    [link_parent_category] => 1
                    [show_associations] => 0
                    [flags] => 1
                    [show_author] => 0
                    [link_author] => 0
                    [show_create_date] => 1
                    [show_modify_date] => 0
                    [show_publish_date] => 1
                    [show_item_navigation] => 1
                    [show_vote] => 0
                    [show_readmore] => 0
                    [show_readmore_title] => 0
                    [readmore_limit] => 100
                    [show_tags] => 1
                    [show_icons] => 1
                    [show_print_icon] => 1
                    [show_email_icon] => 1
                    [show_hits] => 0
                    [record_hits] => 1
                    [show_noauth] => 0
                    [urls_position] => 1
                    [captcha] => 
                    [show_publishing_options] => 1
                    [show_article_options] => 1
                    [save_history] => 1
                    [history_limit] => 10
                    [show_urls_images_frontend] => 0
                    [show_urls_images_backend] => 1
                    [targeta] => 0
                    [targetb] => 0
                    [targetc] => 0
                    [float_intro] => left
                    [float_fulltext] => left
                    [category_layout] => _:blog
                    [show_category_heading_title_text] => 0
                    [show_category_title] => 0
                    [show_description] => 0
                    [show_description_image] => 0
                    [maxLevel] => 0
                    [show_empty_categories] => 0
                    [show_no_articles] => 1
                    [show_subcat_desc] => 0
                    [show_cat_num_articles] => 0
                    [show_cat_tags] => 1
                    [show_base_description] => 1
                    [maxLevelcat] => -1
                    [show_empty_categories_cat] => 0
                    [show_subcat_desc_cat] => 0
                    [show_cat_num_articles_cat] => 0
                    [num_leading_articles] => 0
                    [num_intro_articles] => 14
                    [num_columns] => 2
                    [num_links] => 0
                    [multi_column_order] => 1
                    [show_subcategory_content] => -1
                    [show_pagination_limit] => 1
                    [filter_field] => hide
                    [show_headings] => 1
                    [list_show_date] => 0
                    [date_format] => 
                    [list_show_hits] => 1
                    [list_show_author] => 1
                    [list_show_votes] => 0
                    [list_show_ratings] => 0
                    [orderby_pri] => none
                    [orderby_sec] => rdate
                    [order_date] => published
                    [show_pagination] => 2
                    [show_pagination_results] => 1
                    [show_featured] => show
                    [show_feed_link] => 1
                    [feed_summary] => 0
                    [feed_show_readmore] => 0
                    [sef_advanced] => 1
                    [sef_ids] => 1
                    [custom_fields_enable] => 1
                    [show_page_heading] => 0
                    [layout_type] => blog
                    [menu_text] => 1
                    [menu_show] => 1
                    [secure] => 0
                    [helixultimatemenulayout] => {"width":600,"menualign":"right","megamenu":0,"showtitle":1,"faicon":"","customclass":"","dropdown":"right","badge":"","badge_position":"","badge_bg_color":"","badge_text_color":"","layout":[]}
                    [helixultimate_enable_page_title] => 1
                    [helixultimate_page_title_alt] => Avvenire Editorials
                    [helixultimate_page_subtitle] => Civil Economy
                    [helixultimate_page_title_heading] => h2
                    [page_title] => Avvenire Editorials
                    [page_description] => 
                    [page_rights] => 
                    [robots] => 
                    [access-view] => 1
                )

            [initialized:protected] => 1
            [separator] => .
        )

    [displayDate] => 2011-08-19 08:01:04
    [tags] => Joomla\CMS\Helper\TagsHelper Object
        (
            [tagsChanged:protected] => 
            [replaceTags:protected] => 
            [typeAlias] => 
            [itemTags] => Array
                (
                )

        )

    [slug] => 16618:the-tobin-tax-lost-for-10-years
    [parent_slug] => 893:it-editoriali-vari
    [catslug] => 888:en-avvenire-editorial
    [event] => stdClass Object
        (
            [afterDisplayTitle] => 
            [beforeDisplayContent] => 
            [afterDisplayContent] => 
        )

    [text] => 
Avvenire Editorial - Europe, now at the crossroads, must be able to show the way
Listen to young people, choose well
The Tobin Tax lost for 10 years
by Luigino Bruni
published on Avvenire on 19/08/2011
The Tobin Tax is not a new idea but it is a significant and important idea, which has only a defect of being late. In this case, it is worth an old African proverb: "The best time to plant a tree was twenty years ago, but if you have not done it the best time is now."
A dynamic phase of the debate on this tax was the one that broke out around the year 2000, within the youth movement that started from Johannesburg which culminated in Genoa in July 2001. Two months after the sad events in Genoa, there was the attack on the Twin Towers that completely shifted the attention of international public opinion and politics from the Tobin Tax and the governance of financial globalization to terrorism and wars. Thus began a period of "distraction" from issues of financial speculation from which we have awakened to the tragic crisis of 2008, when we realized that during our global distraction, in reality, the speculative finance without rules and controls grew and became hypertrophic, reaching the edge of an abyss.
    [jcfields] => Array
        (
        )

    [type] => intro
    [oddeven] => item-odd
)

stdClass Object
(
    [id] => 16621
    [title] => The Deadly Embrace
    [alias] => the-deadly-embrace
    [introtext] => 
Editorial - Debt and Financial hypertrophic
The Deadly Embrace
by Luigino Bruni
published on Avvenire on 7/08/2011
The downgrade, expected by the markets, of the U.S. rating by Standard & Poor's from AAA to AA + (first time in history), adds a tile to the mosaic that is  being compose these days. We do not yet have a clear picture of what is happening to our economic system, but what we can now have a glimpse of is that we are facing the biggest crisis of the capitalist system, a crisis that began in the fall of 2008, still in full swing, not knowing whether how and when it will end.
The collapse in the autumn of 2008 revealed a new fact: it is no longer possible to separate the real economy from finance, since in the era of globalization the real economy is also financial, a crisis in financial markets is also a real crisis (employment, GDP), and vice versa. That is why this crisis is also a failure of economics and of us economists (including Obama's advisers) for using outdated tools to describe the world and suggest recipes.
    [fulltext] => 
But the storm we are experiencing these days is telling us something new: it is no longer possible to separate the economy from the geo-politics and from the policies of individual states. Among the collapse of financial markets, Obama's political problems and the affairs of the Italian government, the weakness of the European political system is their close relationship that one cannot find where the Market ends and where Politics begins. We will be able, then, to come out of this momentous crisis only if we learn together to look at finance, economics and politics in a systemic manner and in a global perspective but very attentive regionally (see Greece). Finance grew up as a good plant that, in the absence of pruning and care, is invading the whole garden.
Today, the annual volume of securities traded in financial markets far exceeds (between 8 and 10 times) the world's GDP, a volume that in the last 15 years has increased by more than 40 times. The question we must ask ourselves, including the experts,  is why we have witnessed this inert and bloated hypertrophic growth of speculative finance, without stopping from time to time to assess, at various levels (economic, political, social, ethical) if the path embarked in the nineties were taking us on impassable and dangerous trails.
This hypertrophy of finance narrows in a deadly embrace with the exorbitant private and public debt of the economically advanced world of economy. We must never tire ourselves of repeating that the problem of this crisis is excessive debt, private (in 2008) and public (now), due to large bailouts of banks and funding of expensive wars.
If we do not reduce the average debt of the West (and of Japan, another patient) we will not emerge from this crisis. Also because in these days where everyone talks about growth we must keep in mind that the capitalist economy has already grown bad in the past twenty years (thanks to financial innovation), with serious environmental and social consequences. The growth rates of years prior to 2008 cannot be proposed again, both for economic reasons (no question), but also and above all for ethical and environmental reasons. Otherwise we would discover the error of those who have diabetes that try to increase the physical activity, while continuing to eat sweets as before the diagnosis: we seriously care about globally changing the way of life and making sacrifices, an ancient and unpopular word, but always crucial when history becomes serious.
The individual and collective crises are always ambivalent: we can come out better or worse, and the outcome depends mostly on us, from our view of the world. A deadly mistake to avoid during crises is to not take seriously the signals that come from outside. Financial markets should not be demonized, they are telling us something important. First of all we have underestimated the crisis in countries such as Greece, Portugal and Ireland: structural and global financial crises are very serious things, even if they are of small states, because it can be a child who shows that the king (the euro) is nude.
A second signal-message that is coming from this crisis is the urgent need for serious and deep reforms, especially on pensions and reduced waste in public administration. Reforms that require a national policy still does not see beyond the partisan differences: this lack of responsibility is grave, because the moment we are experiencing is perhaps the most serious after the season of terrorism. Finally, this crisis will be a happy fault if it will make us give birth to a market economy other than the hyper-financial capitalism we have created, because we are paying the increases in economic well-being with the coin of vulnerability and insecurity of all but especially the most vulnerable (people and countries).
That's why we must all follow with great attention and responsibility what happens in these days: the fate of financial markets and the holders of securities are not the only ones involved, but the quality of the market economy that will emerge from this crisis, and therefore freedom, rights and democracy.
    [checked_out] => 0
    [checked_out_time] => 0000-00-00 00:00:00
    [catid] => 888
    [created] => 2011-08-07 20:29:42
    [created_by] => 64
    [created_by_alias] => Luigino Bruni
    [state] => 1
    [modified] => 2020-08-23 20:48:21
    [modified_by] => 609
    [modified_by_name] => Super User
    [publish_up] => 2011-08-07 20:29:42
    [publish_down] => 0000-00-00 00:00:00
    [images] => {"image_intro":"","float_intro":"","image_intro_alt":"","image_intro_caption":"","image_fulltext":"","float_fulltext":"","image_fulltext_alt":"","image_fulltext_caption":""}
    [urls] => {"urla":null,"urlatext":"","targeta":"","urlb":null,"urlbtext":"","targetb":"","urlc":null,"urlctext":"","targetc":""}
    [attribs] => {"show_title":"","link_titles":"","show_intro":"","show_category":"","link_category":"","show_parent_category":"","link_parent_category":"","show_author":"","link_author":"","show_create_date":"","show_modify_date":"","show_publish_date":"","show_item_navigation":"","show_icons":"","show_print_icon":"","show_email_icon":"","show_vote":"","show_hits":"","show_noauth":"","urls_position":"","alternative_readmore":"","article_layout":"","show_publishing_options":"","show_article_options":"","show_urls_images_backend":"","show_urls_images_frontend":""}
    [metadata] => {"robots":"","author":"","rights":"","xreference":""}
    [metakey] => 
    [metadesc] => 
    [access] => 1
    [hits] => 6716
    [xreference] => 
    [featured] => 0
    [language] => en-GB
    [on_img_default] => 1
    [readmore] => 4448
    [ordering] => 323
    [category_title] => EN - Avvenire Editorials
    [category_route] => economia-civile/it-editoriali-vari/it-varie-editoriali-avvenire
    [category_access] => 1
    [category_alias] => en-avvenire-editorial
    [published] => 1
    [parents_published] => 1
    [lft] => 79
    [author] => Luigino Bruni
    [author_email] => ferrucci.anto@gmail.com
    [parent_title] => IT - Editoriali vari
    [parent_id] => 893
    [parent_route] => economia-civile/it-editoriali-vari
    [parent_alias] => it-editoriali-vari
    [rating] => 0
    [rating_count] => 0
    [alternative_readmore] => 
    [layout] => 
    [params] => Joomla\Registry\Registry Object
        (
            [data:protected] => stdClass Object
                (
                    [article_layout] => _:default
                    [show_title] => 1
                    [link_titles] => 1
                    [show_intro] => 1
                    [info_block_position] => 0
                    [info_block_show_title] => 1
                    [show_category] => 1
                    [link_category] => 1
                    [show_parent_category] => 1
                    [link_parent_category] => 1
                    [show_associations] => 0
                    [flags] => 1
                    [show_author] => 0
                    [link_author] => 0
                    [show_create_date] => 1
                    [show_modify_date] => 0
                    [show_publish_date] => 1
                    [show_item_navigation] => 1
                    [show_vote] => 0
                    [show_readmore] => 0
                    [show_readmore_title] => 0
                    [readmore_limit] => 100
                    [show_tags] => 1
                    [show_icons] => 1
                    [show_print_icon] => 1
                    [show_email_icon] => 1
                    [show_hits] => 0
                    [record_hits] => 1
                    [show_noauth] => 0
                    [urls_position] => 1
                    [captcha] => 
                    [show_publishing_options] => 1
                    [show_article_options] => 1
                    [save_history] => 1
                    [history_limit] => 10
                    [show_urls_images_frontend] => 0
                    [show_urls_images_backend] => 1
                    [targeta] => 0
                    [targetb] => 0
                    [targetc] => 0
                    [float_intro] => left
                    [float_fulltext] => left
                    [category_layout] => _:blog
                    [show_category_heading_title_text] => 0
                    [show_category_title] => 0
                    [show_description] => 0
                    [show_description_image] => 0
                    [maxLevel] => 0
                    [show_empty_categories] => 0
                    [show_no_articles] => 1
                    [show_subcat_desc] => 0
                    [show_cat_num_articles] => 0
                    [show_cat_tags] => 1
                    [show_base_description] => 1
                    [maxLevelcat] => -1
                    [show_empty_categories_cat] => 0
                    [show_subcat_desc_cat] => 0
                    [show_cat_num_articles_cat] => 0
                    [num_leading_articles] => 0
                    [num_intro_articles] => 14
                    [num_columns] => 2
                    [num_links] => 0
                    [multi_column_order] => 1
                    [show_subcategory_content] => -1
                    [show_pagination_limit] => 1
                    [filter_field] => hide
                    [show_headings] => 1
                    [list_show_date] => 0
                    [date_format] => 
                    [list_show_hits] => 1
                    [list_show_author] => 1
                    [list_show_votes] => 0
                    [list_show_ratings] => 0
                    [orderby_pri] => none
                    [orderby_sec] => rdate
                    [order_date] => published
                    [show_pagination] => 2
                    [show_pagination_results] => 1
                    [show_featured] => show
                    [show_feed_link] => 1
                    [feed_summary] => 0
                    [feed_show_readmore] => 0
                    [sef_advanced] => 1
                    [sef_ids] => 1
                    [custom_fields_enable] => 1
                    [show_page_heading] => 0
                    [layout_type] => blog
                    [menu_text] => 1
                    [menu_show] => 1
                    [secure] => 0
                    [helixultimatemenulayout] => {"width":600,"menualign":"right","megamenu":0,"showtitle":1,"faicon":"","customclass":"","dropdown":"right","badge":"","badge_position":"","badge_bg_color":"","badge_text_color":"","layout":[]}
                    [helixultimate_enable_page_title] => 1
                    [helixultimate_page_title_alt] => Avvenire Editorials
                    [helixultimate_page_subtitle] => Civil Economy
                    [helixultimate_page_title_heading] => h2
                    [page_title] => Avvenire Editorials
                    [page_description] => 
                    [page_rights] => 
                    [robots] => 
                    [access-view] => 1
                )

            [initialized:protected] => 1
            [separator] => .
        )

    [displayDate] => 2011-08-07 20:29:42
    [tags] => Joomla\CMS\Helper\TagsHelper Object
        (
            [tagsChanged:protected] => 
            [replaceTags:protected] => 
            [typeAlias] => 
            [itemTags] => Array
                (
                )

        )

    [slug] => 16621:the-deadly-embrace
    [parent_slug] => 893:it-editoriali-vari
    [catslug] => 888:en-avvenire-editorial
    [event] => stdClass Object
        (
            [afterDisplayTitle] => 
            [beforeDisplayContent] => 
            [afterDisplayContent] => 
        )

    [text] => 
Editorial - Debt and Financial hypertrophic
The Deadly Embrace
by Luigino Bruni
published on Avvenire on 7/08/2011
The downgrade, expected by the markets, of the U.S. rating by Standard & Poor's from AAA to AA + (first time in history), adds a tile to the mosaic that is  being compose these days. We do not yet have a clear picture of what is happening to our economic system, but what we can now have a glimpse of is that we are facing the biggest crisis of the capitalist system, a crisis that began in the fall of 2008, still in full swing, not knowing whether how and when it will end.
The collapse in the autumn of 2008 revealed a new fact: it is no longer possible to separate the real economy from finance, since in the era of globalization the real economy is also financial, a crisis in financial markets is also a real crisis (employment, GDP), and vice versa. That is why this crisis is also a failure of economics and of us economists (including Obama's advisers) for using outdated tools to describe the world and suggest recipes.
    [jcfields] => Array
        (
        )

    [type] => intro
    [oddeven] => item-odd
)

stdClass Object
(
    [id] => 16624
    [title] => A Jubilee for Italy
    [alias] => a-jubilee-for-italy
    [introtext] => 
Comments – To understand and deal with the crisis
A Jubilee for Italy
by Luigino Bruni
published on Avvenire on 24/07/2011

In these days, there have been warning signs after another of speculative attacks, alternating with that of relaxation and optimism. In reality, we must be aware that the situation is serious, and we must equip ourselves as country and as Europe to address a phase that could prove no less difficult and lengthy than that of the autumn of 2009. In fact,  the crisis that we are experiencing in these days is much more of a contagion phenomenon (of the Greek and/or Portuguese crisis): it is a structural fragility crisis of Italy and Europe. The illness is serious and yet it is neither a deadly disease nor a simple flu. It is a second mini-stroke that if it does not produce a change in lifestyle it can lead to fatal consequences.
    [fulltext] => 
In the interval between the two crises Italy the “patient” has continued to behave as before, except for a few afternoon stroll or a few pills, but without any strong sign of a turnaround.
There are at least three elements to propose as diagnosis and a possible treatment. The first element for a correct diagnosis has to do with demography. We will never understand well what is happening if we do not start from a given structure and long-term period: Italy, more than other European countries, has in the recent years radically decreased the relationship between the active and the retired population, parallel to the sharp increase of life expectancy.
The entire state welfare system was based on a much lower life expectancy (and even more on youths who worked), which allowed the young generation to sustain the burden of pensions. In addition, the family, which was the true center of our state welfare (much more of the state or the market), can no longer perform its duties of care and nurturing. If we do not quickly act not only for a pension reform but a new intergenerational deal, the public debt cannot be reduced.
The public debt is, in fact, the second element of the diagnosis: speculation hits Italy because the huge public debt makes the periodic signing of government bonds indispensable, nothing less. Hence the request, in times of frailty even politically, of increasing returns of our bonds. The public debt is the real sword of Damocles of the current crisis.
The third element deals with Europe, namely the absence of a political reality behind the euro. The project of the founding fathers of Europe was primarily a political one. History tells us that a currency is strong when it is supported by (and expresses) a political power. The management uncertainties of the Greek crisis are very important signs, since they say that in addition to business interests of euros in Europe there is too little: the forces of financial markets know it and target those that are more fragile. Without a new political deal, a European constitution and strong institutions (and agile: one must reduce also the costs of European bureaucracy), the euro will not hold for long.
Today, the therapy that everyone suggests is the revival of the economic growth. It should be remembered that the insufficient economic growth is also a consequence of the first two elements, namely a country’s aged debt who cannot find the resources to grow. Economic growth requires many ingredients, all very essential: public investments (especially in education and research), creativity, innovation and, above all, enthusiasm and passion for the people. Today Italy certainly lacks resources for public investments but lacks even more the enthusiasm and the desire for life. To understand what this enthusiasm is, it is enough to a tour Asia, the Middle East or Africa. On my last trip to Kenya, more than the material poverty, it struck me to see young people studying in the evening under the street lights: it is this hunger for life and future that tomorrow can defeat the hunger for food and give life to development and prosperity. If today Italy and Europe do not find this enthusiasm, no finance can revive the growth because our politicians and public opinion systematically forget the greatest lesson of social sciences of the twentieth century: the growth and development of a country does not depend mainly on the action of the government but by the daily behaviors of millions of citizens, each of which has, and he alone, that piece of information and knowledge relevant to social and economic action.
Of course, among these economic agents there are also the government and institutions (which can and must do their co-essential part), but have much less power than they tell us every day (even to justify their presence and related costs). The solution to the economic crisis can be found outside the economic sphere: one can find it in the civilian life, the desires and the passion of the people, which are springs that feed also the economic life. One does not go to work every morning to reduce public debt, but to pursue projects and dreams. We are also able to make great sacrifices only if we catch a glimpse of a bigger collective project, capable of moving the heart and actions to rekindle enthusiasm. We have been able to do them many times in the past, even recently, why not now? However, each one of us should use well that piece of knowledge and power on the reality of which it is related to, use the talents well, undertake more and better. But for this game to function there is a need of rite and public liturgies, symbols of force, art, beauty, solemn and collective acts. In particular, I am convinced that today there is an dire need of a sort of jubilee, in the biblical meaning of the term: a season of mutual forgiveness, of reconciliation and of peace, to forget all the malice and poisoning of each other of which we are capable of in these twenty years both in the political class in the country and to look forward together. Today Italy is in a state of welfare very similar to “war of everyone against everyone” of which Hobbes talks about. We do not have to get out of it and continue the civic and economic decline; we can get out of it creating a Leviathan, the monstrous crocodile that is also part of the history and the DNA of the Italians. But we can get out of this poverty and economic trap by re-launching a new era of civic virtue and a new deal, the only ground that has generated and generates creativity, enthusiasm and love of life, from which the economic growth will flourish.
© All rights reserved
see a comment of Pierluigi Porta
    [checked_out] => 0
    [checked_out_time] => 0000-00-00 00:00:00
    [catid] => 888
    [created] => 2011-07-25 16:49:56
    [created_by] => 64
    [created_by_alias] => Luigino Bruni
    [state] => 1
    [modified] => 2020-08-23 20:48:21
    [modified_by] => 609
    [modified_by_name] => Super User
    [publish_up] => 2011-07-25 16:49:56
    [publish_down] => 0000-00-00 00:00:00
    [images] => {"image_intro":"","float_intro":"","image_intro_alt":"","image_intro_caption":"","image_fulltext":"","float_fulltext":"","image_fulltext_alt":"","image_fulltext_caption":""}
    [urls] => {"urla":null,"urlatext":"","targeta":"","urlb":null,"urlbtext":"","targetb":"","urlc":null,"urlctext":"","targetc":""}
    [attribs] => {"show_title":"","link_titles":"","show_intro":"","show_category":"","link_category":"","show_parent_category":"","link_parent_category":"","show_author":"","link_author":"","show_create_date":"","show_modify_date":"","show_publish_date":"","show_item_navigation":"","show_icons":"","show_print_icon":"","show_email_icon":"","show_vote":"","show_hits":"","show_noauth":"","urls_position":"","alternative_readmore":"","article_layout":"","show_publishing_options":"","show_article_options":"","show_urls_images_backend":"","show_urls_images_frontend":""}
    [metadata] => {"robots":"","author":"","rights":"","xreference":""}
    [metakey] => 
    [metadesc] => 
    [access] => 1
    [hits] => 6581
    [xreference] => 
    [featured] => 0
    [language] => en-GB
    [on_img_default] => 1
    [readmore] => 6316
    [ordering] => 329
    [category_title] => EN - Avvenire Editorials
    [category_route] => economia-civile/it-editoriali-vari/it-varie-editoriali-avvenire
    [category_access] => 1
    [category_alias] => en-avvenire-editorial
    [published] => 1
    [parents_published] => 1
    [lft] => 79
    [author] => Luigino Bruni
    [author_email] => ferrucci.anto@gmail.com
    [parent_title] => IT - Editoriali vari
    [parent_id] => 893
    [parent_route] => economia-civile/it-editoriali-vari
    [parent_alias] => it-editoriali-vari
    [rating] => 0
    [rating_count] => 0
    [alternative_readmore] => 
    [layout] => 
    [params] => Joomla\Registry\Registry Object
        (
            [data:protected] => stdClass Object
                (
                    [article_layout] => _:default
                    [show_title] => 1
                    [link_titles] => 1
                    [show_intro] => 1
                    [info_block_position] => 0
                    [info_block_show_title] => 1
                    [show_category] => 1
                    [link_category] => 1
                    [show_parent_category] => 1
                    [link_parent_category] => 1
                    [show_associations] => 0
                    [flags] => 1
                    [show_author] => 0
                    [link_author] => 0
                    [show_create_date] => 1
                    [show_modify_date] => 0
                    [show_publish_date] => 1
                    [show_item_navigation] => 1
                    [show_vote] => 0
                    [show_readmore] => 0
                    [show_readmore_title] => 0
                    [readmore_limit] => 100
                    [show_tags] => 1
                    [show_icons] => 1
                    [show_print_icon] => 1
                    [show_email_icon] => 1
                    [show_hits] => 0
                    [record_hits] => 1
                    [show_noauth] => 0
                    [urls_position] => 1
                    [captcha] => 
                    [show_publishing_options] => 1
                    [show_article_options] => 1
                    [save_history] => 1
                    [history_limit] => 10
                    [show_urls_images_frontend] => 0
                    [show_urls_images_backend] => 1
                    [targeta] => 0
                    [targetb] => 0
                    [targetc] => 0
                    [float_intro] => left
                    [float_fulltext] => left
                    [category_layout] => _:blog
                    [show_category_heading_title_text] => 0
                    [show_category_title] => 0
                    [show_description] => 0
                    [show_description_image] => 0
                    [maxLevel] => 0
                    [show_empty_categories] => 0
                    [show_no_articles] => 1
                    [show_subcat_desc] => 0
                    [show_cat_num_articles] => 0
                    [show_cat_tags] => 1
                    [show_base_description] => 1
                    [maxLevelcat] => -1
                    [show_empty_categories_cat] => 0
                    [show_subcat_desc_cat] => 0
                    [show_cat_num_articles_cat] => 0
                    [num_leading_articles] => 0
                    [num_intro_articles] => 14
                    [num_columns] => 2
                    [num_links] => 0
                    [multi_column_order] => 1
                    [show_subcategory_content] => -1
                    [show_pagination_limit] => 1
                    [filter_field] => hide
                    [show_headings] => 1
                    [list_show_date] => 0
                    [date_format] => 
                    [list_show_hits] => 1
                    [list_show_author] => 1
                    [list_show_votes] => 0
                    [list_show_ratings] => 0
                    [orderby_pri] => none
                    [orderby_sec] => rdate
                    [order_date] => published
                    [show_pagination] => 2
                    [show_pagination_results] => 1
                    [show_featured] => show
                    [show_feed_link] => 1
                    [feed_summary] => 0
                    [feed_show_readmore] => 0
                    [sef_advanced] => 1
                    [sef_ids] => 1
                    [custom_fields_enable] => 1
                    [show_page_heading] => 0
                    [layout_type] => blog
                    [menu_text] => 1
                    [menu_show] => 1
                    [secure] => 0
                    [helixultimatemenulayout] => {"width":600,"menualign":"right","megamenu":0,"showtitle":1,"faicon":"","customclass":"","dropdown":"right","badge":"","badge_position":"","badge_bg_color":"","badge_text_color":"","layout":[]}
                    [helixultimate_enable_page_title] => 1
                    [helixultimate_page_title_alt] => Avvenire Editorials
                    [helixultimate_page_subtitle] => Civil Economy
                    [helixultimate_page_title_heading] => h2
                    [page_title] => Avvenire Editorials
                    [page_description] => 
                    [page_rights] => 
                    [robots] => 
                    [access-view] => 1
                )

            [initialized:protected] => 1
            [separator] => .
        )

    [displayDate] => 2011-07-25 16:49:56
    [tags] => Joomla\CMS\Helper\TagsHelper Object
        (
            [tagsChanged:protected] => 
            [replaceTags:protected] => 
            [typeAlias] => 
            [itemTags] => Array
                (
                )

        )

    [slug] => 16624:a-jubilee-for-italy
    [parent_slug] => 893:it-editoriali-vari
    [catslug] => 888:en-avvenire-editorial
    [event] => stdClass Object
        (
            [afterDisplayTitle] => 
            [beforeDisplayContent] => 
            [afterDisplayContent] => 
        )

    [text] => 
Comments – To understand and deal with the crisis
A Jubilee for Italy
by Luigino Bruni
published on Avvenire on 24/07/2011

In these days, there have been warning signs after another of speculative attacks, alternating with that of relaxation and optimism. In reality, we must be aware that the situation is serious, and we must equip ourselves as country and as Europe to address a phase that could prove no less difficult and lengthy than that of the autumn of 2009. In fact,  the crisis that we are experiencing in these days is much more of a contagion phenomenon (of the Greek and/or Portuguese crisis): it is a structural fragility crisis of Italy and Europe. The illness is serious and yet it is neither a deadly disease nor a simple flu. It is a second mini-stroke that if it does not produce a change in lifestyle it can lead to fatal consequences.
    [jcfields] => Array
        (
        )

    [type] => intro
    [oddeven] => item-odd
)